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The word Veda
means knowledge, and the Vedas are considered the most sacred scripture
of Hinduism referred to as sruti, meaning what was heard by or revealed to the
rishis or seers. The most holy hymns and mantras put together into four
collections called the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas are difficult to
date, because they were passed on orally for about a thousand years before they
were written down. More recent categories of Vedas include the Brahmanas
or manuals for ritual and prayer, the Aranyakas or forest texts for religious
hermits, and the Upanishads or mystical discourses. The
Richas of the Rigveda comprise of prayers and praises of the gods. The
Yajurveda speaks of the different types of Yagya (religious sacrifices). The
Samveda consists of many a richas from the Rigveda, which are indeed lyrical
and musical. The Atharvaveda contains a lot of knowledge of the physical world
and spirituality.
Now let us know more about Rigveda. What is Rigveda? And what does it comprise
of?
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Rig
Veda
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The hymns of the Rig Veda are
considered the oldest and most important of the Vedas, having been composed
between 1500 BC and the time of the great Bharata war about 900 BC. More than a
thousand hymns are organized into ten mandalas or circles of which the second
through the seventh are the oldest and the tenth is the most recent. The Hindu
tradition is that even the Vedas were gradually reduced from much more
extensive and ancient divine revelations but were perverted in the recent dark
age of Kaliyuga. As the only writings from this ancient period of India they
are considered the best source of knowledge we have, but the ethical doctrines
seem to have improved from the ancient hymns to the mystical Upanishads. |
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Essentially the Rig Veda is
dominated by hymns praising the Aryan gods for giving them victories and wealth
plundered from the local Dasas through warfare. The Aryans apparently used
their advances in weaponry and skill in fighting to conquer the agricultural
and tribal peoples of the fading Harappan culture. Numerous hymns refer to the
use of horses and chariots with spokes which must have given their warriors a
tremendous advantage. Spears, bows, arrows, and iron weapons are also
mentioned. As a nomadic and pastoral culture glorifying war they established a
new social structure of patriarchal families dominated by warriors and,
eventually with the power of the Vedas themselves, by priests also. |
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Generally the hymns of the Rig
Veda praise the gods and ask them for worldly benefits such as wealth, health,
long life, protection, and victory over the Dasa peoples. |
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He, self-reliant,
mighty and triumphant,
brought low the dear head of the wicked Dasas.
Indra the Vritra-slayer, Fort-destroyer,
scattered the Dasa hosts who dwelt in darkness.
For men hath he created earth and waters,
and ever helped the prayer of him who worships.
To him in might the Gods have ever yielded,
to Indra in the tumult of battle.
When in his arms they laid the bolt,
he slaughtered the Dasyus
and cast down their forts of iron.
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Rigveda is a
Veda in form of Sukti's, which mean 'beautiful statements'. A
collection of very beautifully composed incantations itself is a Sukta. The
Sukta is also synonymous to Richas. 'Rit' means - an incantation that
contains praises and Veda means knowledge. The knowledge of the Richas or
Suktas itself is the literal meaning of Rigveda. |
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The Rigveda
Richas comprises mainly of the praises of God. Other than this it also has
incantations containing thoughts which are evolved by the sages through their
minute observation, contemplation and analysis. Every element of nature was an
issue to contemplate upon for the sages. In this process they have randomly
even spoken about the mysteries of the universe, which are not only worth
reading but also for practical usage. |
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Rigveda is the
oldest Veda. It comprises of 10 Mandals, 102 Suktas and containing
10,552 mantras. These mantras are filed with good thoughts and they
have the ability to inspire us greatly. The ultimate aim of all these mantras
is to purify the human mind through knowledge. Darkness is symbol of lack of
knowledge or illusionary living, which makes us devoid of justness and
sagacity. |
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The Rigveda
is divided into 2 parts-
(i) Mandal, Anuvak and Sukta
(ii) Ashtak, Adhgaya and Sukta |
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According to
the first division, the Rigveda consist of 10 Mandalas. There are Suktas that
comprise the Mandalas. In every Sukta there are mantras or Richas. The quantity
of Suktas is 1017 and the other additional Suktas account to 11. In this way,
the total number is unequal. There seem to be maximum Suktas in the 1st and
10th Mandala and there are very few Suktas in the 2nd Mandala. |
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The following
tables show the no. of Suktas and mantras in every Mandala |
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Mandala
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Sukta |
Number of Mantras |
1 |
191 |
2006 |
2 |
43 |
429 |
3 |
62 |
617s |
4 |
58 |
589 |
5 |
87 |
727 |
6 |
75 |
765 |
7 |
104 |
841 |
8 |
103 |
1716 |
9 |
114 |
1108 |
10 |
191 |
1754 |
10 |
1028 |
10,552 |
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Inclusively
in 10 Mandalas there are 1028 Suktas which in turn comprise of 10,552 mantras. |
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The Brahmanas
stand second to the Vedas. The ultimate aim of these books is procedures of
performing Yagya and rituals. The Brahmanas are divided into 3 parts.
(i) Brahmana,
(ii) Aranyaka,
(iii) Upanishad |
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There are 2
Rigveda Brahmin texts i.e. Kausheetki and Aitereya. These 2 texts
share a very intimate relation. In both these texts critical appreciation is
done of the same subject and the meaning of the mantras is surprisingly
contradictory. These Brahmana speak about the Soma and Rajasuya Yagya. |
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A big portion
of the Upanishads seems to have been taken in the Aranyaka. The Aitereya
and Kausheetki are the 2 Aranyakas of the Rigveda. |
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There are 5
texts of the Aitereya and each of these is known as Aranyaka. The 2nd
and 3rd are independent Upanishads. In the 2nd half of the last 4 paragraphs
are counted as Vedanta texts that is why they are referred to Aitereya
Upanishads. There are 3 parts of the Kausheetki Aranyaka. The 2 parts of this
Aranyaka are filled with rituals. The 3rd part is referred to as Kausheetki
Upanishad. |
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